1219 Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s killed
1325 Laure de Noves, beloved of Petrarch, marries Hugues de Sade
1493 Columbus returns to Spain on his first trip
1531 English Reformation parliament's 2nd sitting
1547 Ivan IV the Terrible (17) crowns himself first tsar of Russia
1547 Ivan the Terrible is crowned Czar of Russia.
1556 Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain
1581 English parliament passes laws against Catholicism
1756 England & Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster
1759 British Museum opens in London
1761 British took Pondicherry after siege, marking end of French dominion in India.
1765 Charles Messier catalogs M41 (galactic cluster in Canis Major)
1776 Continental Congress approves enlistment of free blacks
1777 Vermont declares independence from NY
1780 Battle at Cape St Vincent Admiral Rodney beats Spanish fleet
1795 French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht Netherlands
1809 French forces defeat Sir John Moore and kill him in the Battle of Corunna January 16 Sir Arthur Wellesley succeeds Moore as commander of British forces in the Peninsular War
1815 Brazil is decreed a kingdom, independent from Portugal.
1819 Godert baron van der de Capellen becomes Governor of Dutch-Indies
1832 Charles Darwin lands at San Tiago, Cape Verde
1863 Cruise of CSS Florida
1864 Heavy fighting takes place near Dandridge TN
1865 Confederate Brigadier General John Pegram marries Hetty Cary
1865 Drunken sailor attacks munitions at Fort Fisher NC, 40 die
1865 General William Sherman issues Field Order #15 (land for blacks)
