1527 Florence becomes a republic

1532 Sir Thomas More resigns as English Lord Chancellor

1547 Protestant German monarch surrenders to Karel in Wittenberg

1568 Mary Queen of Scotland flees to England

1571 Johannes Kepler, by his own calculations, is conceived at 4 37 AM

1584 7 Westfriese towns divide monasteries of Egmond/Blokker/St-Pietersdal

1605 Camillo Borghese elected to succeed Pope Leo XI becomes Paul V

1606 2,000 foreigners murdered in Russia

1648 Battle at Zólty Wody Bohdan Chmielricki's cosacks beat John Casimir

1747 Prince Willem V sworn in as Admiral-General of Netherlands

1763 Samuel Johnson meets his future biographer James Boswell in London

1770 Marie Antoinette (age 14) marries the future King Louis VI of France (age 15)

1791 Near Moodus, Connecticut, the largest historical earthquake in Connecticut occurred

1792 Denmark abolishes slave trade

1795 Hedges Treaty Bataafse Republic becomes French vassel state

1796 Lombardije Republic forms

1803 Britain and France renew war, the French complete their occupation of Hanover, and they threaten to invade England from Boulogne, where they begin to assemble an invasion fleet

1803 Peace of Amiens ends

1804 Senate & Tribune declare Napolean leader of France

1811 Peninsular War-Allies defeat French at Albuera

1860 Republican convention (Chicago) selects Abraham Lincoln candidate

1861 Confederate Government offers war volunteers $10 premium

1861 Kentucky proclaims its neutrality

1862 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir builds first automobile

1863 Battle of Champion's Hill MS-bloodiest action of Vicksburg Campaign

1864 Atlanta Campaign-battle of Resaca, ends (since May 13)

1864 Battle of Bermuda Hundred VA

1864 Last battles at Drewry's Bluff VA (6,666 casualties)

1866 Charles Elmer Hires invents root beer

1866 Congress authorizes nickel 5¢ piece (replaces silver half-dime)

1866 The U S Congress authorizes the minting of a 5-cent coin The nickel is born

1868 President Andrew Johnson acquitted during Senate impeachment, by 1 vote

1868 The U S Senate falls one vote short of convicting President Andrew Johnson of one of the 11 articles of impeachment against him

1872 Metropolitan Gas Company lamps lit for first time

1874 The first recorded dam disaster in US (Williamsburg MA)

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