1059 Henri I crowns his son compassionate King Philip I of France

1125 The Holy Roman Emperor Henry V dies at Utrecht at age 44 after leading an expedition against France's Louis VI and then against the citizens of Worms

1275 King Edward I of England orders cessation of persecution of French Jews

1420 Jews of Syria & Austria expelled

1430 Joan of Arc captured by Burgundians at Compiegne, who sell her to the British

1493 King Charles VIII & Maximilian I of Austria signs Peace of Senlis

1533 The marriage of England's King Henry VIII to Catharine of Aragin is declared null and void

1536 Pope Paul III installs Portugese inquisition

1544 German emperor Charles V recognizes king Christian III of Denmark

1555 Giampietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV

1568 Battle at Heiligerlee Dutch rebels beat Spanish, 100s killed

1576 Tycho Brahe given Hveen Island to build Uraniborg Observatory

1611 Matthias von Habsburg chosen king of Bohemia

1618 2nd Defenestration of Prague; the beginning of the 30 Years War

1618 Imperial civil servants thrown out a window of Prague Castle

1644 Johan Mauritius van Nassau resigns as head of Civil rights activists

1647 Willem II sworn in as viceroy of Holland

1660 King Charles II returns from exile sails from Scheveningen to England

1667 King Afonso VI of Portugal flees

1701 Captain Kidd hung in London after conviction of piracy & murder

1701 Captain William Kidd is hanged in Londo after being convicted of piracy and murder

1706 Battle of Ramillies-Marlborough defeats French; 17,000 killed

1774 Chestertown tea party occurs (tea dumped into Chester River)

1785 Benjamin Franklin announces his invention of bifocals

1788 South Carolina becomes 8th state to ratify US constitution

1848 Otto Lilienthal, pioneer aviator is born

1853 Buenos Aires gains independence from Argentina (reunited 1859)

1861 3 fleeing slaves enter Fort Monroe VA

1861 Virginia citizens vote 3 to 1 in favor of secession

1862 Battle at Front Royal VA

1862 Valley Campaign-Stonewall Jackson takes Front Royal VA

1864 Battle of Dallas GA

1864 Battle of North Anna VA, first of 3 days of fighting

1865 Flag flown at full staff over White House, first time since Lincoln shot

1865 Grand Review begins in Washington DC

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