0031 -BC- Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony, becomes Emp Augustus

0490 -BC- Phidippides runs 1st marathon, seeking aid from Sparta vs Persia

1666 Great Fire of London destroys St Paul's Church

1752 Last day of Julian calendar in Britain, British colonies

1789 The US Treasury Department is established.

1806 A side of Rossberg Peak collapses into Goldau Valley Switz, kills 500

1859 Gas lighting introduced to Hawaii

1864 Union General William T Sherman captures Atlanta

1897 The first issue of McCall's magazine goes on sale at newsstands.

1898 Lord Kitchener retakes Sudan for Britain

1901 US Vice President Theodore Roosevelt makes his famous "Speak softly and carry a big stick" speech at the Minnesota State Fair.

1901 VP Theodore Roosevelt advises, "Speak softly &carry a big stick"

1918 Australians attack and seize Mont St Quentin, France

1918 Capt. Bellenden S. Hutcheson (cdn. Army Medical Corp.) wins the Victoria Cross at Drocourt-Quèant, France

1918 Lance-Cpl. William H. Metcalf (16th Cdn. Infantry Corp.) wins the Victoria Cross at Arras, France

1918 Lt.-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck (16th Cdn. Infantry Corp.) wins the Victoria Cross at Arras, France

1918 Prv. John Francis Young (87th Cdn. Infantry Batt.) wins the Victoria Cross at Arras, France

1918 Prv. Walter Leigh Rayfield (7th Cdn. Infantry Batt.) wins the Victoria Cross at Arras, France

1918 Sgt. Arthur G. Knight (10th Cdn. Infantry Batt.) wins the Victoria Cross at Villers-lez-Cagnicourt, France

1919 Communist Party of America organized in Chicago

1921 First Miss America contest held in Atlantic City, has 8 entries.

1924 Rudolf Friml's "Rose Marie" opens to rave reviews in NYC

1927 Rumour starts that Yankee Lou Gehrig will be traded to Tigers

1930 The first nonstop airplane flight from Europe to the US is completed as the plane Question Mark lands at Valley Stream, NY.

1935 A hurricane slams the Florida Keys killing 423

1936 The first transatlantic round-trip air flight

1942 Sternbuch cable arrives at the Polish embassy in Washington, recounting the deportation of 100,000 Jews from Warsaw to death camps, and how Jewish babies were being used to produce soap and fertilizer for Germany industry.

1942 The Chief Rabbi of Norway, Julues Samuel, refuses to go into hiding and chooses to join 208 Norwegian Jews sent to Bergen Belsen.

1944 Anne Frank (Diary of Anne Frank), is sent to Auschwitz

1944 During WW II, George Bush ejects from a burning plane

1945 Allied forces arrive in Singapore and release prisoners of war

1945 Formal surrender of Japan is signed.

1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independence from France

1945 President Truman sets the date as V-J Day.

1945 V-J Day; formal surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri (WWII ends)

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