1745 Hanovarian army under the command of John Cope were surprised and overwhelmingly defeated, in ten minutes, by the Jacobite forces of Prince Charles Edward Stewart in the Battle of Prestonpans

1776 Great fire in NY

1780 Benedict Arnold gives British Major Andr‚ plans to West Point

1784 The first daily newspaper in America is published in Philadelphia.

1792 The French National Convention votes to abolish the monarchy.

1860 In the Second Opium War, an Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the battle of Baliqiao.

1863 Union forces retreat to Chattanooga after defeat at Chickamauga

1872 John Henry Conyers of SC becomes first black student at Annapolis

1893 Frank Duryea drives first US made gas propelled vehicle (car)

1895 The first auto manufacturer opens-Duryea Motor Wagon Company

1896 British force under Horatio Kitchener takes Dongola in the Sudan.

1897 "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus," begins the famous editorial response to 8-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon's letter in the New York Sun.

1897 NY Sun runs famous "Yes, Virginia there is a Santa Claus," editorial

1898 Tzu-Hsi, dowager Empress of China, seizes power and revokes reforms

1913 The first aerobatic maneuver, sustained inverted flight, performed in France

1915 Stones at Stonehenge, England, sold at auction for œ6,600

1921 Gas generator explodes at Bradishe Aniline chemical works in Germany

1922 Pres Warren G Harding signs a joint resolution of approval to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine

1930 Johann Ostermeyer patents the flashbulb

1931 Britain goes off the gold standard

1931 England goes off the gold standard.

1934 Typhoon strikes Honshu Island Japan, kills 4,000

1937 J.R.R. Tolkien, publishes "The Hobbit"

1938 Hurricane (winds 183 MPH) in New England kills 700

1938 More than 600 people are killed as a hurricane batters New England.

1939 Heydrich orders ghettos established in occupied Poland, under "Judenrats".

1948 "Texaco Star Theater" with Milton Berle premieres on NBC-TV

1948 Comedian Milton Berle is named as permanent host of The Texaco Star Theater on NBC-TV.

1949 China's Communist leaders officially declare the country as The People's Republic of China.

1949 Federal Republic of [West] Germany created under 3-power occupation

1949 People's Republic of China proclaimed

1953 Allied forces form West Germany

1954 Nuclear submarine "Nautilus" is commissioned

1957 Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr as Erle Stanley Gardner's persistent attorney, debuts on CBS-TV.

1961 Antonio Abertondo swims the English Channel, both ways, in 24 hours, 25 minutes.

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