1812 Napoleon's Grand Army crosses Berezina River in retreat from Russia

1815 Augusta Ada Byron, later the Countess of Lovelace, was born on this day in. Lovelace, a mathematical prodigy and daughter of the poet Lord Byron, was an important influence on Charles Babbage, who developed one of the first mechanical computers.

1847 Indians kill Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, 11 settle in Walla Walla

1864 At dawn in Colorado territory, a militia under Major John Chivington attacks a winter encampment of Cheyenne Indians at Sand Creek, massacring over four hundred Indians, the majority of whom are women, children, or old men

1864 Colorado militia kills 150 peaceful Cheyenne Indians

1877 Thomas Edison demonstrates the hand-cranked phonograph

1887 US receives rights to Pearl Harbor, on Oahu, Hawaii

1890 First Army-Navy football game, Score Navy 24, Army 0 at West Point

1890 The first Japanese Diet opens

1901 East 182nd Street in the Bronx is paved and opened

1916 US declares martial law in Dominican Republic

1924 NHL's Montreal Forum opens

1929 Lt Cmdr Richard E Byrd sends "My calculations indicate that we have reached the vicinity of the South Pole" (He was wrong)

1933 First state liquor stores authorized (Pennsylvania)

1934 Chicago Bears beat Detroit in first NFL game broadcast nationally

1944 Albania liberated from Nazi control (National Day)

1944 John Hopkins hospital performs first open heart surgery

1945 Monarchy abolished as Yugoslavia proclaims it's republic

1947 Despite strong Arab opposition, the United Nations votes for the partition of Palestine and the creation of an independent Jewish state.

1947 UN Gen Assembly partitions Palestine between Arabs andJews

1948 Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley and 1,200 hundred other people attended the unveiling of the first car to be manufactured entirely in Australia--an ivory-colored motor car officially designated the 48-215, but fondly known as the Holden FX.

1950 National Council of the Church of Christ in US established

1950 Three weeks after U.S. General Douglas MacArthur first reported Chinese Communist troops in action in North Korea, U.N. troops begin a desperate retreat out of North Korea under heavy fire from the Chinese

1951 First underground atomic explosion, Frenchman Flat, Nevada

1952 President-elect Eisenhower visits Korea to assess the war

1960 A freight train crashes into a school bus at Lamont, Alberta causing the deaths of 17 high school students

1961 Freedom Riders attacked by white mob at bus station in Miss

1961 Mercury-Atlas 5 carries a chimp (Enos) to orbit

1962 Baseball decides to revert back to 1 all star game per year

1963 Beatles release "I Want to Hold Your Hand"

1963 LBJ sets up Warren Comm to investigate assassination of JFK

1964 Roman Catholic Church in US replaces Latin with English

1965 Dale Cummings does 14,118 consecutive sit-ups

1967 British troops withdraw from Aden

1967 Robert S. McNamara announces that he will resign as Secretary of Defense and will become president of the World Bank.

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