1031 France's Capetian king Robert the Pious dies July 10 at age 61 after a short war in which he has been defeated by his younger sons

1690 Battle of Beachy Head-French fleet defeats Anglo-Dutch fleet

1692 Bridget Bishop first Salem witch hung

1775 Horatio Gates, issues order excluding blacks from Continental Army

1847 Urbain J.J. Leverrier & John Couch Adams, codiscoverers of Neptune meet for first time at home of John Herschel

1850 VP Fillmore becomes pres following Zachary Taylor's death

1863 Clement Clarke Moore ('Twas the Night Before Xmas), dies at 83

1866 Indelible pencil patented by Edson P Clark, Northampton, Mass

1875 L Schulhof discovers asteroid #147 Protogeneia

1884 Paul Morphy US chess wizard, dies

1886 Eruption of Tarawera volcano destroys famous pink & white calcium carbonate hot-spring terraces (North Island, New Zealand)

1890 Wyoming becomes 44th state

1892 The first concrete-paved street built (Bellefountaine, Ohio)

1910 Johann Galle discoverer of Neptune with telescope, dies

1913 134ø F (57ø C), Greenland Ranch, Calif (US record)

1917 Emma Goldman imprisoned for obstructing the draft

1918 Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic established

1919 Pres Wilson personally delivers Treaty of Versailles to Senate

1920 The “greatest horse“ Man O' War wins the “greatest race“ of turf history at Aqueduct.

1923 2-pound hailstones kill 23 & many cattle. (Rostov, Russia)

1923 All non-fascist parties disolved in Italy

1925 Jury selection took place in John T Scopes evolution trial

1925 USSR's official news agency TASS established

1926 Lake Denmark, NJ arsenal explodes, kills 21, $75m damage

1927 Kevin O'Higgins Irish Free State VP, assassinated

1928 H E Wood discovers asteroid #3300

1929 US issues newer, smaller-sized paper currency

1933 The first police radio system operated, Eastchester Township, NY

1934 The first sitting US president to visit South America, FDR in Colombia

1934 USS Houston takes Franklin Delano Roosevelt on first visit of U.S. President to South America.

1936 109ø F (43ø C), Cumberland & Frederick, Maryland (state record)

1936 111ø F (44ø C), Phoenixville, Pennsylvania (state record)

1936 New Straits Convention allows Turkish rearmament of Dardanelles

1940 Australian fighter pilots begin their participation in the Battle of Britain

1940 Battle of Britain began as Nazi forces attacked by air

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