1152 Frederik I Barbarossa elected Roman-German king

1461 Battle at Towton Duke Edward of York beats English queen Margaretha Edward IV recognized as king of England

1540 Protestant count Philip of Hessen marries 2nd wife

1570 King Philip II bans foreign Dutch students

1590 Mauritius of Nassau's ship reaches Breda

1611 George Abbot appointed archbishop of Canterbury

1621 Jacarta, Java renamed Batavia

1634 Proprietor Samuel Cole opens the first tavern in Boston

1665 English King Charles II declares war on Netherlands

1675 John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England

1681 King Charles II grants William Penn royal charter for Pennsylvania

1699 Jews are expelled from Lubeck Germany

1741 English fleet under Admiral Ogle reaches Cartagena

1774 First sighting of Orion nebula

1789 First Congress declares constitution in effect (9 senators, 13 representatives)

1791 President Washington calls the US Senate into its first special session

1791 Vermont becomes the 14th state of the Union.

1792 Oranges introduced to Hawaii

1793 French troops conquer Geertruidenberg Netherlands

1793 President Washington's 2nd inauguration, shortest speech (133 words)

1797 John Adams inaugurated as 2nd President of US

1798 Catholic women force to do penance for kindling sabbath fire for Jews

1801 The first President inaugurated in Washington DC (Thomas Jefferson)

1801 Thomas Jefferson becomes the first US President inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

1809 Madison becomes first President inaugurated in American-made clothes

1841 Longest inauguration speech (8,443 words), William Henry Harrison

1845 James K Polk inaugrated as 11th President

1848 Sardinia-Piemonte gets new Constitution

1853 Pope Pius IX recovers Catholic hierarchy in Netherlands

1853 William Rufus de Vane King (D) sworn in as 13th US Vice President

1861 Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as US President.

1861 Confederate States adopt "Stars & Bars" flag

1861 Lincoln inaugurated as 16th President; first time US has 5 former Presidents living

1861 President Lincoln opens Government Printing Office

1863 Battle of Thompson's Station, Tennessee

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