1497 Nicolaus Copernicus first recorded astronomical observation,

1500 Pedro Cabral departs with 13 ships to India

1522 Marten Luther preaches his Invocavit

1551 Emperor Karel appoints son Philip as heir to the throne

1562 Kissing in public banned in Naples (punishable by death)

1617 Sweden & Russia sign Peace of Stolbowa

1642 English Queen Henriette Mary arrives in Hellevoetsluis Netherlands

1697 Czar Peter the Great begins tour of West-Europe

1701 France, Cologne & Bavaria sign alliance

1721 English Chancellor Exchequer John Aislabie confined in London Tower

1741 English fleet under Admiral Ogle begins assault on Cartagena

1745 Bells for first American carillon shipped from England to Boston

1745 The first carillon was shipped from England to Boston, MA.

1791 George Hayward, Us, surgeon, first to use ether

1796 Napoleon Bonaparte marries Josephine de Beauharnais

1798 Appointment of first surgeon U.S. Navy, George Balfour

1798 Dr George Balfour becomes first naval surgeon in the US navy

1839 Prussian government limits work week for children to 51 hours

1841 US Supreme Court rules Negroes are free (Amistad Incident)

1847 Commodore David Connor leads successful amphibious assault near Vera Cruz, Mexico

1858 Albert Potts of Philadelphia patents the street mailbox

1860 The first Japanese ambassador arrives in San Francisco en route to Washington DC

1861 Confederate currency authorized-$50, $100, $500, $1,000

1862 First battle between ironclads, USS Monitor and CSS Virginia

1864 Ulysses S Grant is appointed commander of Union Army

1873 Royal Canadian Mounted Police founded

1889 Battle at Gallabat (Metema); Mahdi's beat Abyssinian emperor John IV

1889 Kansas passes first general antitrust law in US

1893 Congo cannibals killed 1000s of Arabs

1901 In British Columbia, naturalized Japanese Canadians win right to vote; successfully appeal BC Elections Act

1906 Coal miners at Lethbridge Alberta go on strike; until December 2

1907 First involuntary sterilization law enacted, Indiana

1907 Hamilton news vendor fined $30 for selling US papers on a Sunday.

1914 Henry Colijn appointed as director of Bataafsche Petroleum Co

1914 Test of wind tunnel at Washington Navy Yard

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