1270 8th &last crusade is launched

1775 Congress authorizes four vessels for the defense of the United Colonies.

1799 William Balch becomes Navy's first commissioned Chaplain.

1864 Helena, Montana's capital, founded

1871 Phila Athletics beat Chicago for first Natl Assn baseball pennant

1888 First ballpoint pen patented

1893 Charles Atlas (real name Angelo Siciliano), bodybuilder born

1905 "October Manifesto" Russian Tsar Nicholas II grants civil liberties

1917 Lt. Hugh Mackenzie (7th Cdn. Machine Gun Company) wins the Victoria Cross at Passchendaele, Belgium

1917 Sgt. George Harry Mullin (Princess Patricia's Cdn. Light Infantry) wins the Victoria Cross at Passchendaele, Belgium

1918 Slovakia asks for creation of Czechoslovakian state

1922 Mussolini forms cabinet in Italy

1930 Turkey &Greece sign a treaty of friendship

1938 Orson Welles stirred nationwide panic with his "War of the Worlds" radio hoax

1939 USSR &Germany agree on partitioning Poland

1940 HMS STURDY, lost west coast of Scotland, on Tiree Island - ran aground in fog and wrecked.

1941 USS Reuben James torpedoed by Germans, even though US is not in war

1944 Anne Frank (of Diary fame) is deported from Auschwitz to Belsen

1945 Henry Winkler, actor (Happy Days, the Fonz) born

1945 US government announces end of shoe rationing

1948 20 die &6,000 made ill by smog in Donora Pennsylvania

1953 Dr Albert Schweitzer &Gen George C Marshall win Nobel Peace Prize

1954 Defense Department announces elimination of all segregated regiments

1956 Israel captures Egyptian militay post at El-Thamad

1961 Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution removing Josef Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square

1965 Fireworks explosions kill 50 in Cartagena, Colombia

1965 The Canadian National-Canadian Pacific passenger pool train arrangement is terminated.

1967 USSR Kosmos 186 &188 make first automatic docking &Venmera 13 launch

1972 Worst US rail accident in 14 years; 45 die in Chicago

1974 Muhammad Ali KOs George Foreman in 8th round in Kinshasa, Za‹re

1975 John Bucyk, Boston, became 7th NHLer to score 500 goals

1975 NY Daily News runs headline "Ford to City Drop Dead"

1975 Prince Juan Carlos becomes Spain's leader

1976 Jane Pauley becomes news co-anchor of the Today Show

1976 Rev Joseph Evans elected president of the United Church of Christ

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