0418 St Boniface I begins his reign as Catholic Pope

1694 Queen Mary II of England dies of smallpox after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III.

1816 American Colonization Society organizes

1846 Iowa becomes 29th state

1849 M Jolly-Bellin discovers dry-cleaning, he accidentally upset lamp containing turpentine & oil on his clothing & sees cleaning effect

1850 Rangoon, Burma, destroyed by fire

1859 William Coldwell and William Buckingham publish first issue of The Nor'Wester at Fort Garry

1869 The Knights of Labor, a union of Philadelphia, PA tailors, hold the first Labor Day ceremonies in the US.

1869 William Finley Semple of Mount Vernon OH, patents chewing gum

1877 John Stevens, WI, applies for patent on flour rolling mill

1878 Pope Leo XIII encyclical on socialism

1879 North British Railway's train falls as Firth bridge collapses (Scot)

1887 Sir John Layton Jarvis, first British race horse trainer knighted

1897 Edmond Rostand's play, Cyrano de Bergerac, premieres in Paris.

1902 Trans-Pacific cable links Hawaii to US

1906 Ecuador adopts its constitution

1908 Over 100,000 people die when a massive earthquake and resulting tsunami flattens Messina, Italy.

1912 San Francisco Municipal Railway starts operation at Geary St (MUNI)

1915 San Francisco City Hall dedicated by Mayor James Rolph

1926 Imperial Airways begins England-India mail & passenger service

1929 Wilfred Wop May 1896-1952 flies first official air mail north to Aklavik NWT

1932 Henry Vernon 'Harry' Howell hockey player, defenseman, was born at Hamilton, Ontario

1934 Stalin used the assassination of an aide as an opportunity to execute more than one hundred officials, beginning a series of purges that eliminated most of the old Bolsheviks

1935 W.P.A. Federal Art Project Gallery opens in NYC

1942 Robert Sullivan becomes first pilot to fly the Atlantic 100 times

1943 Canadian troops enter the medieval town of Ortona after a week of battling enemy paratroopers in house to house fighting; Germans moved out quickly the night before when they were in danger of being cut off

1944 The Broadway musical On the Town opens in New York City.

1945 Congress officially recognizes "Pledge of Allegiance"

1945 The President directed that the Coast Guard be transferred from the Navy and returned to the jurisdiction of the Treasury Department.

1948 The IDF crosses the Egyptian border

1950 Chinese troops cross 38th Parallel, into South Korea

1957 The two-millionth Volkswagen was finished on this day in 1957

1960 Raymond Bourque hockey player, was born at Montreal, Quebec

1966 13 die in a train crash in Everett Mass

1968 100,000 attend Miami Pop Festival

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