1173 Pope Alexander III canonizes Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury

1431 England begins trial against Joan of Arc

1564 Philip II routes cardinal Granvelle to Franche-Comté

1574 Spanish garrison of Middelburg Netherlands surrenders

1583 Groningen Netherlands begins using Gregorian calendar

1598 Boris Godunov crowned tsar

1613 Michael Romanov, son of the Patriarch of Moscow, elected Russian tsar

1673 Michiel A de Ruyter appointed Lieutenant-Admiral-General of Dutch fleet

1675 Prince Willem III appointed viceroy of Gelderland

1764 John Wilkes thrown out of English House of Commons for "Essay on Women"

1777 English ambassador Joseph Yorke demands dismissal of Governor John de Graaff for saluting US flag

1782 US congress resolves the establishment of a US mint

1792 Congress passes Presidential Succession Act

1795 Freedom of worship established in France under constitution

1797 Trinidad, West Indies surrenders to the British

1804 First locomotive, Richard Trevithick's, runs for first time, in Wales

1842 First known sewing machine patented in US, John Greenough, Washington DC

1846 First US woman telegrapher, Sarah G Bagley, Lowell MA

1853 US authorizes minting of $3 gold pieces

1857 Congress outlaws foreign currency as legal tender in US

1857 US issues flying eagle cents

1858 Edwin T Holmes installs first electric burglar alarm (Boston MA)

1861 Navaho Indians elect Herrero Grande as chief

1862 Confederate Constitution & Presidency are declared permanent

1862 Texas Rangers win Confederate victory at Battle of Val Verde, New Mexico

1864 Battle at Okolonam MS

1864 First US Catholic parish church for blacks dedicated, Baltimore MD

1866 Lucy B Hobbs (Taylor) becomes first US woman to earn a DDS degree

1874 Benjamin Disraeli replaces William Gladstone as English premier

1874 Oakland Daily Tribune begins publication

1878 The first U.S. telephone directory is distributed (District Telephone Co., New Haven, CT).

1882 NYC's 24 hour race begins, winner with most mileage in 24 hours

1883 2nd French government of Ferry begins

1885 The Washington Monument is dedicated.

1887 First US bacteriology laboratory opens (Brooklyn)

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