1862 General Pope lays siege in front of New Madrid MO

1863 Abraham Lincoln approves charter for National Academy of Sciences

1863 Congress authorizes a US mint at Carson City NV

1863 Federal ironclad ships bomb Fort McAllister Georgia

1863 Free city delivery of mail was authorized by the U.S. Postal Service.

1863 Gold certificates (currency) authorized by Congress

1863 Idaho Territory forms

1863 US wartime military conscription bill enacted

1865 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, & Abandoned Lands established to help destitute free blacks

1869 University of South Carolina opens to all races

1871 Congress changes Indian tribes status from independent to dependent

1873 Congress authorizes federal departmental postage stamps

1873 US Congress & government raise own salary, retroactively

1875 Congress authorizes 20¢ coin, lasts only 3 years

1875 First recorded hockey game (Montréal)

1875 Georges Bizet's opera "Carmen" premieres (Paris France)

1877 Rutherford B Hayes is sworn in as the 19th President

1878 Bulgaria liberated from Turkey (Peace of San Stefano)

1879 The first female lawyer heard by Supreme Court (Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood)

1879 The United States Geological Survey was established

1879 US geological survey director authorized in Department of the Interior

1882 New York Steam Corp begins distributing steam to Manhattan buildings

1883 Congress authorizes the first steel vessels in US navy

1885 American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) incorporates

1885 Congress passes Indian Appropriations Act (Indians wards of federal government)

1885 US Post Office offers special delivery for 1st-class mail

1885 US state (California) establishes a permanent forest commission

1887 American Protective Association forms (anti-Catholic) in Clinton IA

1887 Anne Sullivan begins teaching 6 year old blind-deaf Helen Keller

1890 Norman Bethune medical doctor, born on this day at Gravenhurst Ontario; died of blood poisoning in 1939 in China

1891 Congress creates Office of Superintendent of Immigration (Treasury Department)

1892 Cattle tuberculosis test in US made, Villa Nova PA

1893 Columbian Isabella silver quarter authorized

1893 Congress authorizes first federal road agency, in Department of Agriculture

1894 4th & last British government of Gladstone resigns

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