1219 Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s killed

1325 Laure de Noves, beloved of Petrarch, marries Hugues de Sade

1493 Columbus returns to Spain on his first trip

1531 English Reformation parliament's 2nd sitting

1547 Ivan IV the Terrible (17) crowns himself first tsar of Russia

1547 Ivan the Terrible is crowned Czar of Russia.

1556 Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain

1581 English parliament passes laws against Catholicism

1756 England & Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster

1759 British Museum opens in London

1761 British took Pondicherry after siege, marking end of French dominion in India.

1765 Charles Messier catalogs M41 (galactic cluster in Canis Major)

1776 Continental Congress approves enlistment of free blacks

1777 Vermont declares independence from NY

1780 Battle at Cape St Vincent Admiral Rodney beats Spanish fleet

1795 French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht Netherlands

1809 French forces defeat Sir John Moore and kill him in the Battle of Corunna January 16 Sir Arthur Wellesley succeeds Moore as commander of British forces in the Peninsular War

1815 Brazil is decreed a kingdom, independent from Portugal.

1863 Cruise of CSS Florida

1864 Heavy fighting takes place near Dandridge TN

1865 Confederate Brigadier General John Pegram marries Hetty Cary

1865 Drunken sailor attacks munitions at Fort Fisher NC, 40 die

1865 General William Sherman issues Field Order #15 (land for blacks)

1868 Refrigerator car patented by William Davis, a fish dealer in Detroit

1870 Virginia becomes 8th state re-admitted to US after Civil War

1876 Edmund H. Sears, author of It Came Upon A midnight Clear, dies.

1877 Color organ (for light shows) patented, by Bainbridge Bishop

1879 January record 13" of snow falls in New York City NY (broken Jan 7, 1996)

1883 Congress passed a bill creating the civil service.

1883 Pendleton Act creates basis of US Civil Service system

1883 The U.S. Civil Service Commission is established.

1887 Cliff House damaged when schooner "Parallel"'s powder cargo explodes

1889 128ºF (53ºC), Cloncurry, Queensland (Australian record)

1889 Cloncurry, Queensland, recorded temperature of 53.1 Celsius, highest known in Australia.

1905 Stanley Cup Ottawa Silver 7 sweep Dawson City (Yukon) in 2 games Ottawa Silver 7 beats Dawson City (Yukon) 23-2 for Stanley Cup, this is most lopsided playoff game, Frank McGee scores 14 goals

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